Acinetobacter lysins

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter  lysin polypeptides and variants peptides with killing activity against gram negative bacteria. Methods for treating bacterial infections or bacterial colonization using  Acinetobacter  lysin polypeptides.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This PCT application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/017,618, filed Jun. 26, 2014, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

This application incorporates by reference in its entirety the sequence listing entitled “235932-373399_Sequence_Listing_ST25”, (57 KB) which was created on Jun. 24, 2015, and filed electronically herewith.

FIELD

Compositions comprising a bacteriophage lytic enzyme specific for Acinetobacter and method for treating Acinetobacter infections.

BACKGROUND

Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex and other members of this species frequently colonize the human skin without harm. However, injuries to the skin from scrapes, wounds or surgery, can result in Acinetobacter infection of the wound, blood, soft tissues, and central nervous system. Given that >80% of Acinetobacter sp. are also multiply drug resistant (MDR) (at least three classes of antibiotics), these infections may result in adverse clinical outcomes, including high rates of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and substantial health care expenses. Military personnel and athletes have an increased the risk of injuries (from skin abrasions to severe wounds) that would be susceptible to infection by Acinetobacter spp., thus methods to remove them quickly and effectively would reduce or eliminate downstream complications. Outbreaks caused by MDR Acinetobacter have been reported in hospitals all over the world; more recently, they have become a serious problem in military medical facilities. Because of its MDR, Acinetobacter infections are difficult to treat so infections by these organisms usually result in a poor outcome. Thus, new and better ways of controlling this pathogen are needed.

Acinetobacter baumannii strains resistant to all known antibiotics have now been reported. Acting in synergy with this emerging resistance profile is the uncanny ability of A. baumannii to survive for prolonged periods throughout a hospital environment, thus potentiating its ability for nosocomial spread. The organism commonly targets hospitalized subjects, who are critically ill with breaches in skin integrity and airway protection. As such, hospital-acquired pneumonia is still the most common infection caused by A. baumannii. However, recently, infections involving the central nervous system, skin and soft tissue, and bone have emerged as highly problematic for certain institutions. Because of this resistance problem, new methods to control these pathogens must be developed.

Antimicrobial agents known as bacteriophage-encoded lysins have been identified. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial and it is estimated that there are 10⁶ distinct bacteriophage species. Bacteriophage lysins are generally genus- or species-specific, i.e., a Staphylococcus aureus phage lysin may have activity only against Staphylococcus aureus providing a targeted therapeutic approach. In some cases, lysins may have activity against several genera or species.

Bacteriophage infect their host bacteria to produce more virus particles. At the end of the reproductive cycle they are faced with a problem, how to release the progeny phage trapped within the bacterium. They solve this problem by producing an enzyme called “lysin” that degrades the cell wall of the infected bacteria to release the progeny phage. The lytic system consists of a holin and at least one peptidoglycan hydrolase, or lysin, capable of degrading the bacterial cell wall. Typically, the holin is expressed in the late stages of phage infection forming a pore in the cell membrane, allowing the lysin(s) to gain access to the cell wall peptidoglycan resulting in release of progeny phage. Significantly, exogenously added lysin, in the absence of a holin, can lyse the cell wall of healthy, uninfected cells, producing a phenomenon known as “lysis from without”.

SUMMARY

We have recently identified, purified and characterized several phage lysins that specifically attack Acinetobacter bacteria. This is a breakthrough since most lysins have antibacterial activity only against gram-positive bacteria. The purified phage lysins of the present invention are well suited for a variety of applications such as treatment of bacterial infections, and disinfection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A. Negative staining electron micrograph showing phage induced from A. baumannii strain 1790.

FIG. 1B. Negative staining electron micrograph showing phage induced from A. baumannii strain 1794

FIG. 1C. Negative staining electron micrograph showing phage induced from A. baumannii strain 1796

FIG. 2. A representative image of lysin clone activity in clearing live A. baumannii imbedded in the agar.

FIG. 3. Schematic of amino acid sequences of cloned lysins showing four classes of lytic activity: i) glycosyl hydrolase family, ii) phage baseplate lysozymes, iii) lysozyme autolysins, and iv) lysins.

FIG. 4. Alignment of nucleotide sequences for cloned lysins.

FIG. 5. Alignment of amino acid sequences of cloned lysins.

FIG. 6. Is a graph showing the lytic activity of 21 cloned constructs against thirteen. different A. baumannii clinical isolates.

FIGS. 7A, and 7B. Blebbing of the cytoplasmic membrane containing cytosolic contents from A. baumannii cells are observed after treatment with F307 (arrows).

FIG. 8. Scanning electron micrograph of 3-day biofilms of strain 1791 A. baumannii before and after treatment with F307 polypeptide.

FIG. 9. Is a graph showing reduction in bacterial counts on whole catheter pieces with Acinetobacter biofilm after treatment with F307 polypeptide.

FIG. 10. Is a graph showing the survival of mice infected with A. baumannii treated with F307 polypeptide versus control.

FIG. 11. Sequence of F307, P307 polypeptide without and with short extension (P307Ex).

FIG. 12. FIG. 12A is a graph a comparison of in vitro bactericidal activities of P307, P307SQ-8C and P307_(AE-8) against A. baumannii strains #1791, S5 and ATCC17978.

FIG. 12B shows the comparative in vivo bactericidal activity of P307, P307SQ-8C, and P307CS-8 against A. baumannii strains #1791 and S5. FIG. 12C shows a comparison of the comparative in vivo bactericidal activity of P307SQ-8C and P307CS-8 against A. baumannii strains #1791, S5 and ATCC17978.

FIG. 13. The in vitro bactericidal activities of P307 and P307SQ-8C against A. baumannii strain #1791 to investigate the pH optimum (13A), and NaCl optimum (13B). The same conditions, except for the variables, were used with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 to determine the concentration optimum (13C), and killing kinetics (13D). The error bars show standard deviation and the black horizontal line marks the limit of detection.

FIG. 14. Is a graph showing the sensitivity of different bacterial species to P307 and P307SQ-8C. The error bars show standard deviation and the black horizontal line marks the limit of detection.

FIG. 15. FIGS. 15A and 15B are graphs that show the bactericidal activities of P307 and P307SQ-8C against the log phase and stationary phase of A. baumannii strain No. 1791 (15A) and the biofilm phase (15B).

FIG. 16. FIG. 16 shows the cytotoxic effects of P307 and P307SQ-8C as measured by B cell survival (16A) and hemolysis (16B).

FIG. 17. FIG. 17A shows the effect of DTT at 0, 0.1 and 1 mM on the activity of P307 and P307SQ-8C. FIG. 17 B shows the effect of substitution of the terminal cysteine residue of P307SQ-8C with alanine (P307SQ-8A).

FIG. 18. Is a DNA shift gel showing the shift for control peptide and P307.

FIG. 19. FIGS. 7 A-C show representative transmission electron microscopy images of A. baumanii strain no.1791: untreated control (19A), treated with 300 μg/mL P307SQ-8C for 5 minutes (19B) and for 2 hours (19C). Magnification, ×2600 (left, scale bar=2 μm) and ×5000 (right top and bottom, scale bar=0.5 μm). FIG. 7D shows the bactericidal activity of P307SQ-8C on gram negative bacteria K. pneumoniae and E. coli at pH 7.5 and 8.8.

FIG. 20. Shows the membrane permeability of A. baumannii strains #1791 and S5 treated with P307 and P307SQ-8C.

FIG. 21. Shows the inhibition of bactericidal activity of P307 or P307SQ-8C by hydroxyl radical scavenger, thiourea and anaerobic condition.

FIG. 22. Shows the effect of treatment of a skin infection with polymyxin B and P307SQ-8C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides polypeptides having antibacterial activity and for methods for using the disclosed polypeptides. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising”, “contains”, “containing” and the like have the meaning attributed in United States patent law; they are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps. Terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning attributed in United States patent law; they allow for the inclusion of additional ingredients or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The terms “consists of” and “consisting of” have the meaning ascribed to them in United States patent law; namely that these terms are close ended

In a first aspect, the invention provides polypeptides that comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 90%, or at least 91%, or at least 92%, or at least 93%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In another embodiment of the first aspect, the polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In yet another embodiment of the first aspect, the polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence that has 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In a second aspect, the invention provides polypeptides that consist of an amino acid sequence that has at least 90%, or at least 91%, or at least 92%, or at least 93%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In another embodiment of the second aspect, the polypeptides consist of an amino acid sequence that has at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In yet another embodiment of the second aspect, the polypeptides consists of an amino acid sequence that has 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In a third aspect, the invention provides polypeptides that comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 91%, or at least 92%, or at least 93%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.

In one embodiment of the third aspect the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 90%, or at least 92%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides polypeptides that consists of an amino acid sequence that has at least at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 91%, or at least 92%, or at least 93%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.

In one embodiment of the fourth aspect the polypeptide consists of an amino acid sequence that has at least 90%, or at least 92%, or at least 94%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100%, identity to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.

In some embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44) wherein at least one amino is cysteine and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids of the antimicrobial peptide are conservatively substituted. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids of the antimicrobial peptide are conservatively substituted. In other embodiments of the third or fourth aspects, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44). In still other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44) wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids of the antimicrobial peptide are conservatively substituted and the antimicrobial peptide consists of 8 amino acids. In yet other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide consists of the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44).

In some embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50) wherein at least one amino is cysteine and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids of the antimicrobial peptide are conservatively substituted. In other embodiments of the third or fourth aspects, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50). In still other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide comprises the amino acid sequence CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50) wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, amino acids of the antimicrobial peptide are conservatively substituted and the antimicrobial peptide consists of 8 amino acids. In yet other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the antimicrobial peptide consists of the amino acid sequence CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50).

In some embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the C-terminus of the polypeptide or the fragment is conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide. In other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the C-terminus of the polypeptide or the fragment is conjugated to the N-terminus of the antimicrobial peptide. In still other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the N-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide. In yet other embodiments of the third or fourth aspect, the N-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to the C-terminus of the antimicrobial peptide. For any of the embodiments of the third or fourth aspect the antimicrobial peptide can be conjugated to the polypeptide or fragment via a peptide bond.

Another embodiment of the peptides of the present disclosure is a peptide having the amino acid sequence NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRKSQSRESQA (SEQ ID NO: 45). Another embodiment is a peptide having the amino acid sequence NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRKCSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:51).

In some embodiments the polypeptides, polypeptide fragments or conjugated polypeptides have antibacterial activity against a gram-negative bacterium. In some embodiments, the gram-negative bacterium is of the genus Acinetobacter.

In some embodiments the polypeptides, polypeptide fragments or conjugated polypeptides have antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii.

In some embodiments the polypeptides, polypeptide fragments or conjugated polypeptides have antibacterial activity against a gram-positive bacterium. In some embodiments, the gram-positive bacterium is S. aureus or B. anthracis.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide is lyophilized.

Specific embodiments of the polypeptides of the invention are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 F307 SEQ ID NO: 2 F376 SEQ ID NO: 3 F351 SEQ ID NO: 4 F347 SEQ ID NO: 5 F344 SEQ ID NO: 6 F340 SEQ ID NO: 7 F338 SEQ ID NO: 8 F336 SEQ ID NO: 9 F334 SEQ ID NO: 10 F332 SEQ ID NO: 11 F330 SEQ ID NO: 12 F328 SEQ ID NO: 13 F324 SEQ ID NO: 14 F321 SEQ ID NO: 15 F320 SEQ ID NO: 16 F315 SEQ ID NO: 17 F306 SEQ ID NO: 18 F303 SEQ ID NO: 19 F301 SEQ ID NO: 20 F309 SEQ ID NO: 21 F311 SEQ ID NO: 43 P307 SEQ ID NO: 44 SQSRESQC SEQ ID NO: 45 P307SQ-8C (P307Ex) SEQ ID NO: 48 AEMLFLK SEQ ID NO: 49 P307AE-8 SEQ ID NO: 50 CSQRQSES SEQ ID NO: 51 P307CS-8 SEQ ID NO: 52 SQSRESQA SEQ ID NO: 53 P307SQ-8A

P307SQ-8C and P307Ex are used interchangeably herein.

The invention also provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptides, polypeptide fragments or conjugated polypeptides of the invention. In some embodiments, the compositions are pharmaceutical compositions, which comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for topical administration. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous delivery. In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravenous delivery. In yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral delivery.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an antibiotic. Examples of suitable antibiotics include, but are not limited to, amoxicillin, augmentin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, azlocillin, flucloxacillin, mezlocillin, methicillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, cephalexin, cefazedone, cefuroxime, loracarbef, cemetazole, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, levaquin, and floxacin, tetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline, gentamycin, amikacin, and tobramycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin, daptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, or streptomycin.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a clotting agent.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is lyophilized.

The present invention also provides for methods for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.

In one embodiment the method is a method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.

In another embodiment the method is a method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide fragment of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.

In one embodiment the method is a method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugated polypeptide of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.

In one embodiment the method is a method for treating having a bacterial infection and the treatment is therapeutic treatment comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugated polypeptide of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative. In some embodiments, the subject has a bacterial infection that is non-responsive to other treatment modalities. For example, the bacterial infection may be resistant to one or more antibiotic. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a wound infection.

In one embodiment the method is a method for prophylactically treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugated polypeptide of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative. In some embodiments the subject has undergone, or is undergoing surgery and the surgical wound is contacted with a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. In certain embodiments, the surgical wound is irrigated with the pharmaceutical composition prior to closure of the wound. In other embodiments the pharmaceutical composition is applied to the wound after closure, for example the pharmaceutical composition is applied to the sutured or stapled area of the wound.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is administered in combination with an antibiotic. In some embodiments, the method comprises topically administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. In other embodiments, the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention subcutaneously. In still other embodiments, the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention by intravenous injection. In yet other embodiments, the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention orally.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in a unit dosage form. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a cream, ointment, salve, gel, lozenge, spray, or aerosol.

Also provided, are methods for treating a bacterial infection comprising inhibiting the formation of or disrupting a bacterial biofilm comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a composition comprising a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention in an amount effective to kill bacteria in the biofilm.

Additionally provided, are methods of disinfecting an article comprising contacting the article with a composition comprising a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention to the article for a time sufficient to disinfect the article. In some embodiments, the article is a hard surface. In some embodiments, the article is a countertop, keyboard, surgical instrument, or medical device.

Additionally provided, are methods for inhibiting the formation of or disrupting a bacterial biofilm on an article comprising contacting the article with a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention, in an amount effective to kill bacteria in the biofilm.

Also provided, are articles of manufacture that contain a composition comprising a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture is a spray bottle that contains a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention.

In some embodiments, the article of manufacture contains a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide, polypeptide fragment or conjugated polypeptide of the invention and a carrier, buffering agent or preservative. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture is a vial. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture is a delivery device. In some embodiments, the composition contained by the article of manufacture is lyophilized.

Modifications and changes can be made in the structure of the polypeptides of the disclosure and still obtain a molecule having similar characteristics as the polypeptide (e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution). For example, certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a sequence without appreciable loss of activity. Because it is the interactive capacity and nature of a polypeptide that defines that polypeptide's biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a polypeptide sequence and nevertheless obtain a polypeptide with like properties.

Such amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. Exemplary substitutions that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include (original residue: exemplary substitution): (Ala: Gly, Ser), (Arg: Lys), (Asn: Gln, His), (Asp: Glu, Cys, Ser), (Gln: Asn), (Glu: Asp), (Gly: Ala), (His: Asn, Gln), (Be: Leu, Val), (Leu: Be, Val), (Lys: Arg), (Met: Leu, Tyr), (Ser: Thr), (Thr: Ser), (Tip: Tyr), (Tyr: Trp, Phe), and (Val: Be, Leu). Embodiments of this disclosure thus contemplate functional or biological equivalents of a polypeptide as set forth above. In particular, embodiments of the polypeptides can include variants having about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95% sequence identity to the polypeptide of interest.

“Identity” as known in the art, is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. “Identity” can be readily calculated by known algorithms well known in the art. Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity are codified in publicly available computer programs. The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using analysis software (i.e., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis.) that incorporates the Needelman and Wunsch, (J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443-453, 1970) algorithm (e.g., NBLAST, and XBLAST).

Identity can be measured as “local identity” or “global identity”. Local identity refers the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptides as determined by the match between strings of such sequences. Global identity refers to the degree of sequence relatedness of a polypeptide compared to the full-length of a reference polypeptide. Unless specified otherwise, as used herein identity means global identity. The percentages for global identity herein are calculated using the ClustalW algorithm used through the software MacVector, using the default settings; both for local and global identity.

Production of Polypeptides

Polypeptides of the present invention can be produced by any known method.

For example, polypeptides can be produced in bacteria including, without limitation, E. coli, or in other existing system for polypeptide (e.g., Bacillus subtilis, baculovirus expression systems using Drosophila Sf9 cells, yeast or filamentous fungal expression systems, mammalian cell expression systems), or they can be chemically synthesized.

If the a polypeptide is to be produced in bacteria, e.g., E. coli, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the peptide may also encode a leader sequence that permits the secretion of the mature peptide from the cell. Thus, the sequence encoding the peptide can include the pre sequence and the pro sequence of, for example, a naturally occurring bacterial ST peptide. The secreted, mature peptide can be purified from the culture medium.

The sequence encoding a peptide described herein is can be inserted into a vector capable of delivering and maintaining the nucleic acid molecule in a bacterial cell. The DNA molecule may be inserted into an autonomously replicating vector (suitable vectors include, for example, pGEM3Z and pcDNA3, and derivatives thereof). The vector may be a bacterial or bacteriophage DNA vector such as bacteriophage lambda or M13 and derivatives thereof. Construction of a vector containing a nucleic acid described herein can be followed by transformation of a host cell such as a bacterium. Suitable bacterial hosts include but are not limited to, E. coli, B subtilis, Pseudomonas, Salmonella. The genetic construct also includes, in addition to the encoding nucleic acid molecule, elements that allow expression, such as a promoter and regulatory sequences. The expression vectors may contain transcriptional control sequences that control transcriptional initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator, and repressor sequences. A variety of transcriptional control sequences are well known to those in the art. The expression vector can also include a translation regulatory sequence (e.g., an untranslated 5′ sequence, an untranslated 3′ sequence, or an internal ribosome entry site). The vector can be capable of autonomous replication or it can integrate into host DNA to ensure stability during peptide production.

One embodiment of a nucleic acid according to the present invention is a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In another embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In still another embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:42.

In still another embodiment, the nucleic acid consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:42.

Another embodiment is an expression vector that comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In another embodiment, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In yet another embodiment, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, or SEQ ID NO:45, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.

In still another embodiment, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:42.

In still another embodiment, the expression vector comprises a nucleic acid that consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, or SEQ ID NO:42.

Table 2 provides specific embodiments of the nucleic acids of the invention showing the nucleotide SEQ ID NO: that corresponds to the polypeptides they encode.

TABLE 2 Corresponding Nucleotide Amino Acid SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 22 1 23 2 24 3 25 4 26 5 27 6 28 7 29 8 30 9 31 10 32 11 33 12 34 13 35 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 39 18 40 19 41 20 42 21

The nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide described herein can also be fused to a nucleic acid encoding a peptide affinity tag, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, protein A, FLAG tag, hexa-histidine, myc tag or the influenza HA tag, in order to facilitate purification. The affinity tag or reporter fusion joins the reading frame of the peptide of interest to the reading frame of the gene encoding the affinity tag such that a translational fusion is generated. Expression of the fusion gene results in translation of a single peptide that includes both the peptide of interest and the affinity tag. In some instances where affinity tags are utilized, DNA sequence encoding a protease recognition site will be fused between the reading frames for the affinity tag and the peptide of interest.

Genetic constructs and methods suitable for production of immature and mature forms of the polypeptides and variants described herein in protein expression systems other than bacteria, and well known to those skilled in the art, can also be used to produce polypeptides in a biological system.

Polypeptides and variants thereof can be synthesized by the solid-phase method using an automated peptide synthesizer. For example, the peptide can be synthesized on Cyc(4-CH₂ Bxl)-OCH₂-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamidomethyl resin using a double coupling program. Peptides can also be synthesized by many other methods including solid phase synthesis using traditional FMOC protection (i.e., coupling with DCC-HOBt and deprotection with piperdine in DMF).

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Compositions and their Use

This invention provides methods of treatment comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a polypeptide of the invention. The subject is human or another animal, including but not limited to primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees; livestock animals such as cows, pigs, horse or chickens; and companion animals such as dogs cats, and rodents. In a specific embodiment the subject is a human. In another specific embodiment the subject is a non-human mammal. In one embodiment the polypeptides are administered as the sole antibacterial agent. In another embodiment the polypeptides are administered in combination with one or more other antibacterial agents.

Methods of administration of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be oral or parenteral and include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intra-articular, intra-synovial, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, topical and oral routes. The compounds may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent. In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention locally to the area in need of treatment, such as topical use on the skin; any suitable method known to the art may be used.

In one aspect of the invention provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptides of the present disclosure for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of bacterial infections. An embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition formulated for topical treatment. Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition formulated for systemic infections.

Such compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition can also contain of wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet, pill, lozenge, capsule, powder, patches for topical administration and the like. For topical applications, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment, lotion or cream containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene compounds, emulsifying wax, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, ceteary alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The composition can be formulated as a suppository with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. One of skill in the art is well versed in formulation of therapeutic agents. See e.g. Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (2000); Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition (Mack Publishing Company, 1995).

The invention also provide a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) is a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals or biologic products, which notice reflects (a) approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration, (b) directions for use, or both.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide additional information to one of skill in the art of how to make and use the polypeptides described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) however, some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, molecular weight is average molecular weight, and the temperature is in degrees Centigrade.

Example 1

Identification of Polypeptides Having Antibacterial Activity.

Fifteen clinical isolates of A. baumannii were obtained from a New York hospital. Strains of A. baumannii were isolated and treated with mitomycin C to induce prophage induction. The supernatants were collected and phage were precipitated with polyetheylene glycol (PEG). Supernatants from three of the A. baumannii isolates were examined by negative staining EM and images taken of the phage (FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C).

Phage DNA was separated from co-precipitated compounds by agarose gel electrophoresis and extraction of high-molecular-weight DNA. From this DNA, an expressible linker shotgun library (E-LASL) was constructed as previously described. (Schmitz J E. et al., 2008, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:1649-1652.) Briefly, for all samples, 100 ng of DNA was fragmented with the restriction enzyme TSP5091 (consensus sequence AATT) Following phenol-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation, the DNA was ligated to 40 ng of linker sequence, with a complementary 5′ overhang (AATTCGGCTCGAG, where the overhang is underlined (SEQ ID NO:46). The ligation mixture was used as the template for Taq-based PCR using the linker-targeted primer CCATGACTCGAGCCGAATT (SEQ ID NO:47).

The amplified inserts were ligated into the arabinose-inducible pBAD plasmid using the pBAD TOPO® TA expression kit; Invitrogen, per the manufacturer's directions. The recombinant vectors were transformed into competent E. Coli TOP10 (Invitrogen). To determine which clones had lytic activity, the E. coli were plated on LB agar supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 5% defibrinated sheep's blood. Following overnight growth at 37° C., the plates were placed in a sealed container that was attached to the outlet of a commercial nebulizer. Nebulized arabinose was continuously pumped into the container for 1 hour. The plates were returned to 37° C. and colonies were identified that developed a zone of hemolysis in the surrounding blood agar. Chosen clones were streaked onto separate LB-ampicillin plates (lacking arabinose) and allowed to propagate without induced expression. (Schmitz J E, et al., 2010 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:7181-7187).

To determine killing activity for A. baumannii, a secondary screen was done essentially as described in Schmitz J E, et al., 2010 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:7181-7187. Hits were streaked as approximately 1-cm by 2-cm patches onto LB-ampicillin plates supplemented with 0.2% arabinose. Following overnight incubation at 37° C., the plates were exposed to chloroform vapor to kill and permeabilize any still-viable E. coli. The patches were then overlaid with molten soft agar containing A. baumannii and observed for clearing zones. Twenty-one positive clones were identified that exhibited a clear zone around the clone. FIG. 2 shows a representative screen of lysin clone activity in clearing live A. baumannii imbedded in the agar.

The inserts of the positive closes were sequenced and compared to the sequences in the NCBI protein database. The alignments showed that among the 21 clones there are four classes of lytic activity: i) nine were in the glycosyl hydrolase family, ii) seven were phage baseplate lysozymes, iii) two were lysozyme autolysins, and iv) three were lysins. (FIG. 3). For ease of reference here in, regardless of class, the polypeptides encoded by these sequences are referred to as “lysins”. FIG. 4 shows a sequence alignment based on similarity of the nucleotide sequences encoding the 21 clones. FIG. 5 shows a sequence alignment based on similarity of the polypeptide sequences of the 21 clones.

Example 2

Activity of Positive Clones.

Twenty-one different constructs were screened for activity against thirteen different A. baumannii clinical isolates. The constructs were recombinantly expressed in E. coli. Cells were grown at 30° C. 200 rpm, and when reaching mid-log phase they were induced by adding 0.2% arabinose. Induction continued overnight. In the morning, cells were spun down, washed 3× with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, before being homogenized in an Emulsiflex homogenizer. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation (16000 g, 45 min) and the lysate passed through a 0.22 um sterile filter to generate the crude lysate.

A. baumannii grown overnight in TSB, were mixed with 50° C. soft agar TSB and poured onto a TSB agar plate as a top agar layer. The plate was allowed to solidify in room temperature. Crude lysates (10 ul) were added to a soft agar plate with A. baumannii, and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature each day, while being kept at 4° C. for the remainder of the time. Plates were incubated until clearing zones were visible (4-5 days). A clearing zone larger than the original spot of the crude lysate was scored. The number above each lysin indicates how many stains for which that lysin was the most efficient.

Results are shown in FIG. 6. The lysin construct is shown on the x-axis and the percent of Acinetobacter strains lysed is shown on the y-axis. The numbers above each bar indicates the number of strains for which that lysin was the most efficient, no number indicates one strain. As can be seen, Lysin F307 lysed about 90% of the strains tested and was the most active against seven strains.

Example 3

Lysis of A. baumannii by F307.

FIG. 7 shows representative Transmission Electron Micrographs of A. baumannii strain 1791 cells after treatment with F307 polypeptide. The micrographs show that F307 caused lysis through extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane to the outside of the cell. (See FIG. 7, arrows). Two 100 mL culture of A. baumannii strain 1791 were started in BHI media and grown in a 500 mL flask for 1.5 h at 37° C., 200 rpm. The cells were then centrifuged and washed one time with 1×PBS buffer. They were then re-suspended in 1.2 mL of 1×PBS. EDTA at a final concentration of 250 μM was added to each sample. To the experimental sample 300 μL of lysin (˜1.2 mg final concentration) and incubated the control (EDTA alone) and experimental (EDTA+F307 lysin) at 25° C. Time points were taken at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. The reactions were quenched and cells were fixed using 2.5% Gluteraldhyde in CAC buffer (10 mm sodium cacodylate, 0.1 m CaCl2, pH 6.5).

Example 4

Effect of F307 Polypeptide on A. baumannii Biofilms on Catheters In Vitro and In Vivo.

In vitro treatment of catheter adherent A. baumannii 1791 with F307 lysin

Catheter tubing (CareFusion Ref#72023E) was cut using a sterile scalpel into 3-inch long sections. An overnight culture of A. baumannii 1791 was used to inoculate 1:1000 a 50 mL of TSB 0.2% Glucose (˜1×105 CFU/mL). Each 3-inch catheter tube was seeded with 300-350 of the 1:1000 diluted culture. The catheters were then clamped and placed in plastic containers in a 37° C. incubator for 3 days to allow for biofilm formation to occur. After the 3 days catheters were washed twice with either PBS or Sodium Phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and then had 300-350 μL of F307 added to the tube (˜1 mg final concentration). The catheters were then clamped. Catheters were taken at time points 0, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 hour. The catheters were washed twice with 50 mM Sodium Phosphate pH 7.5 and were cut into small pieces. These were placed into a 1.5 mL ependorff tube and 500 μL of 50 mM NaP buffer pH 7.5 was added. The tubes were sonicated for 20 minutes, and vortexed for 1 minute. The samples were then serial diluted and 20 μL was plated onto a quadrant of a BHI agar plate and incubated at 37° C. overnight. CFU's were calculated the following morning.

An approximate 4-log drop in the number of colony forming units (CFU's of A. baumannii was observed after 30 minutes of treatment. Table 3 shows CFU counts. FIG. 8 shows Scanning Electron micrographs of 3-day biofilms of A. baumannii strain 1791 before and after treatment with 250 μg F307 polypeptide.

TABLE 3 Treatment of A. baumannii biofilms on catheters. Sample CFU no treatment 1.4 × 10⁷ no treatment replicate 3.0 × 10⁶ 15 minutes F307 treatment 9.0 × 10⁴ 30 minutes F307 treatment 6.0 × 10³

Example 5

Mouse Catheter Model: Several 3 inch section of catheter tubing were seeded (1:1000) with A. baumannii strain 1791. A. baumannii biofilms were formed as described above. The back of twenty BALB/C mice were shaved, their backs were sterilized, and then an incision was made to place a 1 inch section of the catheter with a biofilm already formed under the dermis of the back. The incisions were then stapled shut. After 24 hours, 250 μl of F307 (1 mg) (n=10) or 250 μl control vehicle (n=10) was injected directly into the catheter that was under the dermis of the mouse. The treatment was repeated after 4 hours. After 3 hours the catheters were removed from the mice, and assayed as described in Experiment 4. FIG. 9 shows the reduction of bacterial counts by approximately 2-logs in mice treatment with F307 polypeptide compared with control.

Example 6

F307 Polypeptide Rescues Mice from Death after a Lethal Injection of A. baumannii.

Twenty-two C57BL/6 mice were given 10⁸ CFU of A. baumannii strain intraperitoneally (IP). Two hours later, two mice were euthanized and organs examine as described below, ten mice injected IP with 1 mg of F307 and ten mice were injected IP with control vehicle. Treated animals showed 50% survival with this dose of lysin, whereas control mice showed only 10% survival 14 days after infection (FIG. 10).

The organs from the two mice that were euthanized after infection were examined to confirm that the organs were infected with A. baumannii at the time of treatment with F307 polypeptide. Liver, spleen, kidney, and heart were dissected from the mice. The organs were then homogenized in 500 μl of 1×PBS. Dilutions were made and were plated onto Brain Heart infusion (BHI) plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight. The number of colony forming units was counted. Control mice were sacrificed at the two hour time point and showed Acinetobacter in all organs examined indicating that the organs were infected with A. baumannii at the time of treatment.

Example 7

P307 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:43) was tested in duplicate against 18 clinical isolates of A. baumannii strains. A. baumannii strains were cultured ON to reach stationary phase. Cells were washed 3× in 20 mM Tris pH 7.5 and resuspended in the same buffer to an OD (595 nm) of around 0.7. To these cells, P307 (250 ug/ml) or a corresponding volume of buffer, was added, and the mixture was allowed to incubate for 60 minutes at room temperature. Dilutions of the mixtures were made and plated on TSB Agar plates for subsequent counting of colony forming units.

P307 polypeptide treatment resulted in a 1 to 8-log drop in bacterial viability, versus control, after incubation for 60 minutes with 250 μg of P307. Results are show in Table 4. When P307 was compared with the full length F307 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:1) the P307 polypeptide had higher activity.

TABLE 4 P307 activity against 18 A. baumannii strains. Control P307 Log Strain Control 1 Control 2 Average P307 1 P307 2 Average Difference drop 1775 1.00E+08  4.50E+08  2.75E+08  1.00E+07  1.50E+07  1.25E+07  2.20E+01  1.34 1776 5.50E+08  3.50E+08  4.50E+08  8.80E+05  7.50E+05  8.15E+05  5.52E+02  2.74 1777 7.00E+08  4.00E+08  5.50E+08  6.50E+06  9.00E+06  7.75E+06  7.10E+01  1.85 1788 2.00E+08  3.00E+08  2.50E+08  1.50E+07  1.20E+07  1.35E+07  1.85E+01  1.27 1789 4.50E+08  3.50E+08  4.00E+08  1.10E+07  1.30E+07  1.20E+07  3.33E+01  1.52 1790 1.50E+08  2.00E+08  1.75E+08  5.50E+05  1.80E+05  3.65E+05  4.79E+02  2.68 1791 9.0E+08 4.5E+08 6.8E+08 2.2E+05 2.2E+05 2.2E+05 3.1E+03 3.49 1792 1.2E+09 8.5E+08 1.0E+09 7.1E+05 7.5E+05 7.3E+05 1.4E+03 3.15 1793 3.5E+08 5.0E+08 4.3E+08 6.5E+05 5.6E+05 6.1E+05 7.0E+02 2.85 1794 7.5E+08 4.0E+08 5.8E+08 7.0E+05 6.0E+05 6.5E+05 8.8E+02 2.95 1795 9.5E+08 1.3E+09 1.1E+09 9.0E+06 2.5E+07 1.7E+07 6.6E+01 1.82 1796 1.0E+09 7.0E+08 8.5E+08 8.2E+05 8.2E+05 8.2E+05 1.0E+03 3.02 1797 1.2E+09 9.0E+08 1.1E+09 6.7E+05 6.5E+05 6.6E+05 1.6E+03 3.20 1798 4.0E+08 4.0E+08 4.0E+08 2.7E+05 6.5E+05 4.6E+05 8.7E+02 2.94 1799 5.5E+08 3.5E+08 4.5E+08 2.9E+07 7.0E+06 1.8E+07 2.5E+01 1.40 S1 1.4E+09 1.1E+09 1.3E+09 4.2E+07 3.0E+07 3.6E+07 3.5E+01 1.54 S3 2.5E+08 2.0E+08 2.3E+08 6.8E+05 6.5E+05 6.7E+05 3.4E+02 2.53 S5 1.1E+09 8.5E+08 9.8E+08 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 9.8E+08 8.99

Example 8

Addition of a Short Extension Peptide Resulted in Increased Antibacterial Activity of P307.

The peptide SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44) is derived from hepatitis C virus and has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We conjugated this sequence to P307 (P307Ex) to determine its effect on the activity. The sequence of F307, p307 and the P307Ex (SEQ ID Nos: 1, 43 and 45 respectively) are provided in FIG. 11 where a portion of the sequence of F307 is underlined to show the location of P307 and a portion of the sequence of P307 is double underline to show the location of the antimicrobial sequence.

P307 and P307Ex were assayed in duplicate against six bacterial strains. Antibacterial acidity was measured as described in Example 5. Treatment with P307Ex resulted in a 3.2 log drop in A. baumannii 1791 whereas treatment with P307 resulted in a 2.9 log drop demonstrating that the addition of the antimicrobial peptide increased the activity of P307. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Strain Control 1 P307 EX1 P307 EX 2 P307Ex Average Difference Log drop 1775 5.00E+08 1.60E+05 1.10E+05 1.35E+05 3.70E+03 3.5 1776 5.00E+08 5.50E+05 6.50E+05 6.00E+05 8.33E+02 2.9 1777 6.50E+08 6.50E+04 2.80E+05 1.73E+05 3.77E+03 3.5 1788 3.50E+08 8.80E+05 5.80E+05 7.30E+05 4.79E+02 2.6 1789 4.00E+08 1.10E+07 1.30E+07 1.20E+07 3.33E+01 1.5 1790 2.00E+08 1.50E+04 2.00E+04 1.75E+04 1.14E+04 4.0 1791 3.50E+08 4.00E+04 4.50E+04 4.25E+04 8.24E+03 3.9 1792 1.00E+08 4.00E+04 5.00E+03 2.25E+04 4.44E+03 3.6 1793 1.50E+08 3.50E+04 2.00E+04 2.75E+04 5.45E+03 3.7 1794 5.00E+07 1.40E+05 1.00E+05 1.20E+05 4.17E+02 2.6 1795 4.00E+08 5.50E+04 1.30E+05 9.25E+04 4.32E+03 3.6 1796 2.50E+08 3.80E+05 2.50E+05 3.15E+05 7.94E+02 2.8 1797 2.50E+08 5.50E+06 8.50E+06 7.00E+06 3.57E+01 1.5 1798 3.50E+08 3.40E+05 3.70E+05 3.55E+05 9.86E+02 3.0 1799 3.50E+08 5.00E+03 3.00E+04 1.75E+04 2.00E+04 4.3 S1 8.50E+08 5.90E+05 7.00E+05 6.45E+05 1.32E+03 3.1 S3 3.00E+08 1.60E+07 1.40E+07 1.50E+07 2.00E+01 1.3 S5 1.50E+09 5.00E+05 2.90E+05 3.95E+05 3.80E+03 3.57

P307 and P307Ex were tested for activity against A. baumannii strain 1791, E. coli, P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, S. aureus strain RN4220, S. aureus strain 8325 and B. anthracis. As shown in Table 6, P307 and P307 were most active against A. baumannii and B. anthracis.

TABLE 6 P307 and P307Ex against other bacterial species. Pseudomonas A. baumannii B. anthracis aeruginosa S. aureus S. aureus Sample 1791 E. coli Δsterne PAO1 RN4220 8325 control 1 5.50E+08 5.50E+08 2.40E+07 1.30E+09 1.50E+09 6.50E+08 control 2 2.60E+08 4.50E+08 2.80E+07 4.50E+08 7.50E+08 9.50E+08 P307EX 1 1.10E+05 3.50E+08 2.60E+03 4.70E+07 5.20E+07 3.20E+07 P307EX 2 3.90E+05 3.00E+08 2.90E+03 3.70E+07 5.80E+07 3.60E+07 P307 1 5.80E+05 3.50E+08 3.10E+03 5.60E+07 8.00E+08 4.80E+07 P307 2 3.70E+05 3.50E+08 4.00E+03 4.00E+07 4.50E+08 4.40E+07 average control 4.05E+08 5.00E+08 2.60E+07 8.75E+08 1.13E+09 8.00E+08 average P307EX 2.50E+05 3.25E+08 2.75E+03 4.20E+07 5.50E+07 3.40E+07 average P307 4.75E+05 3.50E+08 3.55E+03 4.80E+07 6.25E+08 4.60E+07 difference 1.62E+03 1.54E+00 9.45E+03 2.08E+01 2.05E+01 2.35E+01 P307EX difference P307 8.53E+02 1.43E+00 7.32E+03 1.82E+01 1.80E+00 1.74E+01 log drop 3.2 0.2 4.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 P307EX log drop P307 2.9 0.2 3.9 1.3 0.3 1.2

Example 9

P307 is not Toxic to B Cells or Red Blood Cells.

P307 was mixed with red blood cells to determine if it would cause lysis. No lysis was observed at 200 μg of P307. When P307 was tested for lysis of a B cell line it was found to have only a slight effect on cell number after 24 hours. The results are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 (% viable) Sample 0 min 5 min 30 min 1 hour 2 hour 3 hour 24 hours Initial cell only 97% 83.60%   85% 88.20% Tris-HCl pH = 6.8 97.20% 89.70% 94.70% 81.50% 90.90% 89.90% 200 μg P307 94.60%  1100% 71.40% 71.90% 58.60% 76.30%  20 μg P307 97.20% 88.60% 89.70% 90.30% 91.00% 94.20%  2 μg P307 95.20% 76.90% 89.30% 92.50% 93.80% 96.30%

The peptides used in Examples 10-20 were chemically synthesized.

Peptides were created using a Protein Technologies Symphony™ peptide synthesizer (PTI Tucson, Ariz., USA) on pre-coupled Wang (p-alkoxy-benzyl alcohol) resin (Bachem, Torrance, Calif., USA). Reaction vessels were loaded at 25 μM and peptides were elongated using Fmoc protected amino acids (Anaspec, San Jose, Calif., USA) (1997. Standard Fmoc protocols. 289:44-67). Deprotection of the amine was accomplished with 20% piperidine (Sigma-Aldrich) in NMP (N-methylpyrrolidinone). Repetitive coupling reactions were conducted using 0.6 M HATU/Cl-HOBT (azabenzotriazol tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/6-chloro-1-hydroxybenzotriazole)(P3 Biosystems, Shelbyville, Ky., USA) and 0.4 M NMM (N-methylmorpholine) using NMP (EMD) as the primary solvent (1989. New Coupling Reagents in Peptide Chemistry 30:1927-1930.). Resin cleavage and side-chain deprotection were achieved by transferring to a 100 ml round bottom flask and reacted with 4.0 ml concentrated, sequencing grade, trifluoracetic acid (Fisher) with triisopropylsilane (Fluka), degassed water, and 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol (DODT, Sigma-Aldrich) in a ratio of 95:2:2:1 over a 6 hour time frame. This was followed by column filtration to a 50 ml round bottom flask and TFA volume reduced to 2 ml using a rotary evaporator. A standard ether precipitation was performed on the individual peptides by transferring to a 50 ml falcon tube containing 40 ml cold tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME, Sigma-Aldrich). Samples were placed in an ice bath for 2 hours to aid precipitation followed by pellet formation using centrifugation (3300 rpm, 5 min). Excess ether was removed by vacuum aspiration and the peptide pellets were allowed to dry overnight in a fume hood. Dried peptide pellets were resolved in 20% acetonitrile and 10 ml HPLC grade water, subsampled for LC/MS and lyophilized. All crude products were subsequently analyzed by reverse-phase Aquity™ UPLC (Waters Chromatography, Milford, Mass., USA) using a Waters BEH C18 column. Individual peptide integrity was verified by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry using a ThermoFinnigan LTQ™ (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Mass., USA) spectrometer system. Preparative chromatography was accomplished on a Vydac C18 RP preparative column on a Waters 600 Prep HPLC. Individual fractions were collected in 30 seconds intervals, characterized using LC/MS and fractions containing desired product were lyophilized. These were stored at −20° C. until being resuspended in autoclaved Milli-Q water for various assays. The stock solutions were then stored at 4° C. The peptides are summarized with their amino acid sequences, isoelectric points (pI) and molecular weights (MW) in table 8.

TABLE 8 SEQ ID Names Amino acid sequences pI MW NO: F307 10.12  16 kDa 1 P307 NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRK 10.71 3.4 kDa 43 P307AE-8 NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRK AEMELFLK 10.21 4.4 kDa 49 P307SQ-8C NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRK SQSRESQC 10.38 4.3 kDa 45 P307C5-8 NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRK CSQRQSES 10.38 4.3 kDa 51 P307SQ-8A NAKDYKGAAAEFPKWNKAGGRVLAGLVKRRK SQSRESQA 10.69 4.3 kDa 53

Example 10

Comparison of In Vitro Bactericidal Activities of Peptides of the Present Disclosure.

To determine the in vitro bactericidal activities of the peptides, P307, P307AE-8, P307SQ-8C, and P307CS-8, bacteria were treated with the peptides for 2 hours at room temperature. The survived cells were serially diluted and plated on TSB agar plates to determine the activity.

The bactericidal activities of 50 μg/mL the peptides, P307, P307AE-8 and P307SQ-8C were compared by treating A. baumannii strains #1791, S5 and ATCC17978. P307SQ-8C was the most active, reducing about 10⁶ cfu/mL of bacteria to below the limit of detection (<10 cfu/mL). P307 was slightly more active than P307AE-8, but both peptides induced about a 3.8-log-unit decrease in viable bacteria (FIG. 2A). To investigate how the eight amino acids, SQSRESQC, contributed to the higher activity of P307SQ-8C, the same molar concentration of peptide SQSRESQC as 50 μg/mL P307 was added by itself or in combination with P307 to A. baumannii strains #1791 and S5. The activities were compared with 50 μg/mL of P307 and P307SQ-8C. The combination was only as active as P307 while SQSRESQC peptide alone has no activity (FIG. 2B). Hence the linkage is essential for the high bactericidal activity of P307SQ-8C. Next, we investigated the importance of sequence and composition. By scrambling the last eight amino acids in P307SQ-8C, we synthesized P307CS-8 with a C-terminal addition of CSQRQSES to P307. The activities of P307SQ-8C and P307CS-8 were comparable (FIG. 2C). The error bars show standard deviation and the black horizontal line marks the limit of detection. Thus, we concluded that the superior activity of P307SQ-8C derives from the composition of the last eight amino acids, regardless of the order of the last eight amino acids. For further investigation, we used P307SQ-8C because it is the most active, and compared its activity with P307.

Example 11

Bactericidal Activities of P307 and P307SQ-8C

The effects of pH and NaCl on the in vitro activities of P307 and P307SQ-8C were investigated. A. baumannii strain #1791 were treated with 50 μg/mL of peptides to test each condition. Two buffer systems (sodium phosphate and Tris-HCl) were used to test pH 6.8, 7.5, 8.0 and 8.8. The peptides were more active in Tris-HCl and higher pH elicited better killing (FIG. 13A). Thus, we elected to continue our in vitro experiments with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, which approximates physiological pH. The activities of both peptides were inversely proportional to the concentration of NaCl (FIG. 13B). Next, titration of P307 and killing kinetics of P307 and P307SQ-8C were investigated by treating A. baumannii strain #1791. The activity of P307 was concentration-dependent, beginning from 4 μg/mL (FIG. 13C). P307SQ-8C acted faster than P307, resulting in about 3.2-log-unit decrease already at the 5 minute time point (FIG. 13D). There was no difference in activities of either peptide at room temperature or 37° C. (data not shown). From these in vitro characterization experiments, we decided our optimal experimental conditions to be 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 50 μg/mL peptides and 2 hours at room temperature (22-25° C.), unless otherwise indicated.

Example 12

Next, we investigated the in vitro bactericidal spectra of P307 and P307SQ-8C against different bacterial species, A. baumannii (strain Nos. 1775, 1776, 1777, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, ATCC 17978 and S1, S3, D5), Bacillus anthracis (ΔSterne), Escherichia coli (DH5a), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), Staphylococcus aureus (RN4220) and two strains of Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603 and ATCC10031). These bacterial species were treated with 50 μg/mL of P307 or P307SQ-8C in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 for 2 hours at room temperature to investigate the specificity of the peptides. Among the bacteria tested, A. baumannii strains were consistently most sensitive to the peptides, showing an average of 2.7- and 6.2-log-unit decrease with P307 and P307SQ-8C, respectively. Bacillus anthracis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are moderately sensitive. P307 and P307SQ-8C produced an average of about 1.3- and 2.9-log unit decrease, respectively, for these bacteria. However, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are resistant to both peptides (FIG. 14).

Example 13

In addition, to investigate the activities of the peptides against A. baumannii at different growth phases, we compared the sensitivities of strain #1791 at log phase, stationary phase and biofilm state. The bacteria in log phase (3 hours post inoculation of 1:100 overnight culture in fresh media) and stationary phase (overnight culture) were treated with 50 μg/mL of P307 or P307SQ-8C for 2 hours at room temperature. The survived cells were serially diluted and plated on TSB agar plates to determine cfu/mL. (FIG. 15A). A. baumannii biofilms were established by incubating about 10⁵ cfu/mL of strain #1791 in TSB with 0.2% glucose inside about 2.5 cm long catheters for 72 hours at 37° C. The catheters were then washed to remove planktonic cells and treated with 250 μg/mL of P307 or P307SQ-8C. After 2 hours and 24 hours at room temperature, the biofilm was thoroughly disrupted and survived cells re-suspended to be plated and counted to determine the killing efficiency of the peptides against in vitro biofilm (FIG. 15B) The log phase organisms were slightly more sensitive to P307 than stationary phase (about 3.7- versus 2.4-log-unit decrease). There seems to be no such difference with P307SQ-8C (FIG. 15A). The biofilms were the most resistant of all growth phases. Biofilms were treated with 250 μg/mL P307 or P307SQ-8C for 2 or 24 hr. After 2 hours, about 3- and 4-log-unit decrease in cfu/mL was observed with P307 and P307SQ-8C, respectively. After 24 hours, P307 produced an additional about 1.3-log-unit decrease while P307SQ-8C did not (FIG. 15B).

Example 14

In order to compare the efficiency of the peptides P307 and P307SQ-8C with some clinically used antibiotics, we performed a minimal inhibitory concentration assay for two A. baumannii strains, #1791 and ATCC17978. Microtiter dilution method was used to determine the MICs of levofloxacin, ceftazidime, polymyxin B, P307 and P307SQ-8C for A. baumannii strains #1791, #1798, S5 and ATCC17978. For the antibiotics, 1.5-2 fold serial dilutions (three lower and three higher) of the MICs determined by Etest Lood R, et al., 2015 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59:1983-1991.) were included. For the peptides, two-fold serial dilutions (500-31.25 μg/mL) were tested. The overnight cultures were re-suspended to OD₆₀₀ of 0.001 (about 10⁵ cfu/mL) in Mueller-Hinton broth (pH 7.9). The antibiotics or peptides were added to final 100 μL for each dilution. The bacteria were allowed to grow at 37° C. for 24 hour at 220 rpm. The absorbance at 595 nm was then read in a SpectraMax Plus Reader (Molecular Devices). The MICs were determined as the lowest concentrations of antimicrobial agents that completely inhibit bacterial growth. Alamar®Blue was used to confirm the data obtained from OD₅₉₅. The experiments were conducted at least twice in duplicate.

The strains displayed varying degree of sensitivity to all antimicrobial agents (Table 9).

TABLE 9 A. baumannii Levofloxacin Ceftazidime Polymyxin B P307 P307SQ-8C strains μg/mL μM μg/mL μM μg/mL μM μg/mL μM μg/mL μM #1791 6 16.6 250 457 0.25 0.19 375 110 125 29 ATCC17978 ≦0.1 0.3 12 21.9 0.25 0.19 750 220 ≦500 ≦116

P307SQ-8C has a lower MIC than P307, which is in accordance with the in vitro killing activity (FIGS. 2 and 3).

Example 15

Cytotoxic Effects of P307 and P307SQ-8C as Measured by B Cell Survival and Hemolysis.

Human B-cells obtained from a rheumatic fever patient at The Rockefeller University Hospital were grown in RPMI media supplemented with 10% bovine serum, penicillin and streptomycin. Cells were harvested by low speed centrifugation, washed once in media, and resuspended in pre-warmed media to a concentration of 10⁷ cells/ml, as determined by trypan blue exclusion tests. The peptides (P307, P307SQ-8C and melittin) were serially diluted (80-0.3125 μM) in culture media, and added to 5×10⁴ live cells. Cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere, after which they were stained (CellTiter 96 Non-radioactive cell proliferation assay; Promega) according to manufacturer's instructions. The samples were incubated for additionally 4 hours, before a Solubilization/Stop solution was added, and incubated overnight. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured in SpectraMax Plus Reader (Molecular Devices). The reactions were carried out twice in triplicate and representative data are shown as mean±standard deviation.

Human blood from a healthy individual was gathered in an EDTA-tube, and red blood cells (RBC) collected through low speed centrifugation. Cells were washed in PBS, and resuspended to a 10% RBC solution. P307 and P307SQ-8C were serially diluted in PBS (80-0.3125 μM). PBS and 1% Triton X-100 were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Samples were mixed, and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The supernatant was collected, and absorbance at 405 nm recorded through SpectraMax Plus Reader (Molecular Devices). The reactions were carried out twice in triplicate and representative data are shown as mean±standard deviation.

Serial dilutions of peptides were incubated with about 5×10⁴ live B cells for 1 hr at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere, and melittin was used as a positive control. CellTiter 96® Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega) was conducted according to manufacturer's protocol to quantify the survival of B cells. Red blood cells (RBCs) were incubated with serial dilutions of the peptides and the release of hemoglobin into the supernatant was measured by OD₄₀₅ to determine hemolysis. Triton X-100 was used as a positive control. The error bars show standard deviation.

The peptides were tested for their cytotoxicity using human B cells and red blood cells (RBCs). In contrast to the melittin positive control, the membranes of B cells are not affected by either P307 or P307SQ-8C. Even at the highest concentration tested (80 μM), the viability of the cells remains the same as the buffer control (FIG. 16A). Similarly, the integrity of RBCs are also not affected by either peptide in comparison to the Triton X-100 positive control (FIG. 16B).

Example 16

A portion of P307SQ-8C (about 25%) runs at twice the theoretical molecular weight in comparison to P307SQ-8A, which runs at 4.3 kD (data not shown). To determine the importance of disulfide bond formation for the high activity of P307SQ-8C the bactericidal activities of P307 and P307SQ-8C were compared in the presence of 0, 0.1 and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). A. baumannii strain #1791 was treated with 50 μg/mL P307 or 10 μg/mL P307SQ-8C in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 for 2 hours at room temperature. The survived cells were serially diluted and plated on TSB agar. P307SQ-8C becomes less active with higher DTT concentration whereas the activity of P307 slightly increases (FIG. 17A). To further confirm the importance of disulfide formation for P307SQ-8C activity, we synthesized P307SQ-8A with the last cysteine changed to alanine. A. baumannii strains no. 1791 and ATCC17978 were treated with 10 μg/mL of each peptide. The bactericidal assays of P307SQ-8C and P307SQ-8A showed that the former is slightly more active than the latter (FIG. 17B). These results altogether pointed out that part of the superior activity of P307SQ-8C derives from disulfide bond formation between two molecules.

Example 17

Next, we investigated whether P307 binds to DNA, given the positive charges on the peptides (net charge of +7). The peptide P307 was mixed with DNA at different peptide:DNA ratios (0:1-15:1) and incubated for 1 hour before being analyzed on an agarose gel. In comparison to positive control peptide, no shift in molecular weight was observed for P307 at any of the ratios of peptide to DNA tested (FIG. 18).

Example 18

Because the peptides did not appear to kill the bacteria by interacting with DNA, we investigated whether they affect the bacterial membrane using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. baumannii strain #1791 was treated with buffer (control) or 300 μg/mL P307SQ-8C for 5 minutes or 2 hours. Comparing the TEM images of the samples reveals disruption of inner membrane and changes in intracellular density (FIGS. 19A, B and C). In addition, we found that the resistant bacteria at pH 7.5 (FIG. 3) were sensitive to P307 at pH 8.8, including E. coli and K pneumoniae (FIG. 19D). Because the charges on the peptide do not vary as pH changes from 7.5 to 8.8, we reasoned that the changes occur on the bacterial membrane. At higher pH, the bacterial membrane becomes more negatively charged, allowing the positively charged peptides to establish stronger ionic interactions.

Example 19

Without wishes to be bound by theory, we hypothesize the following mechanism of action: P307SQ-8C interacts with the bacterial membrane to gain entry into the cell, and in the process, disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane. Membrane permeabilization is more effective when the peptide is dimerized. The disruption induces the production of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals, which disturbs the intracellular content. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined membrane disruption using SYTOX® Green uptake assay.

Overnight cultures of bacteria were washed in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, and resuspended to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.3 (about 10⁷ cfu/ml). Benzonase® nuclease (25 U/ml)(Novagen) and SYTOX® Green (1 μM) (Invitrogen) was added to the bacterial cells, and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature in the dark. Peptides were added (50 μg/ml; 14.7 μM P307 and 11.6 μM P307SQ-8C, and melittin (14.7 μM) (Sigma) was used as a control. Relative fluorescence units (RFU) were measured in a SpectraMax Plus reader (Molecular Devices) at room temperature (ex: 485 nm, em: 520 nm) for 2 hours. The reactions were carried out twice in duplicate and representative data are shown as mean±standard deviation.

Both peptides permeabilize the membranes of sensitive bacteria, giving rise to an increase in fluorescent signals of SYTOX® Green dye as it binds to intracellular DNA (FIG. 20). Hydroxyl radical formation was investigated by treating the bacteria with P307 and P307SQ-8C in the presence of hydroxyl radical scavenger, thiourea. Polymyxin B was included as a control since it has been reported that its bactericidal activity partially relies on hydroxyl radical death pathway. Thiourea (300 mM) inhibits the activity of P307 and P307SQ-8C completely (FIG. 21A). However, it cannot be disregarded that thiourea affects the activities by other pathways. Therefore, bactericidal activities were also compared under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Since A. baumannii is a strictly aerobic bacteria, E. coli was used for the bactericidal assay with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8. Both peptide activities were completely inhibited by anaerobic condition (FIG. 21B). Although we cannot rule out other possibilities such as effect on oxygen-dependent transport mechanism, the current results support our hypothesis of hydroxyl radical formation.

Example 20

We investigated the in vivo activity of P307SQ-8C using mouse skin model because skin infection is a common route of disease by A. baumannii. The backs of 40 female CD-1 mice (6 to 8 weeks of age; Charles River Laboratories) were shaved with an electric razor. Nair™ (Hair remover lotion for body and legs, aloe and lanolin) was applied to the shaved areas to remove any remaining hair. The areas were then disinfected with alcohol wipes, and skin abrasion was induced by tape-stripping. An area of ˜1 cm² of the tape striped skin was then marked and infected with 10 μL of about 10⁸ cfu/mL A. baumannii strain no. 1791. The bacteria were allowed to colonize for 16-18 hours, after which the infected area was either left untreated or treated with 200 μg of P307SQ-8C or 2 μg of polymyxin B for 2 hours. To harvest the remaining bacteria on the skin, the mice were sacrificed and the infected skin was processed in 500 μL PBS for 1 minute in a Stomacher® 80 Biomaster using a microbag (Seward Ltd., UK). The solution was serially diluted and plated on LB agar containing 4 μg/mL levofloxacin and 12 μg/mL ampicillin for selection. The resulting cfu/mL from each animal is shown as a point and the horizontal bars represent the means. Both treatments reduce the bacterial load significantly (p-value=0.0023, ordinary one-way ANOVA) (FIG. 22). 

1-44. (canceled)
 45. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 97% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment has antibacterial activity.
 46. The polypeptide or the fragment of the polypeptide of claim 45, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.
 47. The polypeptide according to claim 46, wherein the polypeptide consists of an amino acid having the SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment of the polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.
 48. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 46, wherein the antimicrobial peptide comprises the eight amino acids C, S, Q, R, S, E and S in any order.
 49. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 48, wherein the antimicrobial peptide has the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44) or CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50).
 50. The fragment according to claim 46, wherein the fragment is conjugated to an antimicrobial peptide to yield a conjugated polypeptide and the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity.
 51. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 50, wherein the antimicrobial peptide comprises the eight amino acids C, S, Q, R, S, E and S in any order.
 52. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 51, wherein the antimicrobial peptide has the amino acid sequence SQSRESQC (SEQ ID NO:44) or CSQRQSES (SEQ ID NO:50).
 53. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 49, wherein the conjugated polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 or SEQ ID NO:51.
 54. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 48, wherein the C-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide.
 55. The conjugated polypeptide according claim 48, wherein the N-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment is conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide.
 56. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 48, wherein the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity against a gram negative bacterium.
 57. The conjugated polypeptide according to claim 48, wherein the conjugated polypeptide has antibacterial activity against a gram positive bacterium.
 58. A method for treating a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising one or more polypeptide according to claim 47 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, buffering agent, or preservative.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the subject has a bacterial infection.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the composition inhibits the formation of or disrupts a bacterial biofilm.
 61. The method of claim 58, wherein the subject has a surgical wound and administering the composition comprises irrigating the surgical wound with the composition.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the surgical wound is irrigated prior to surgical closure of the wound.
 63. A method for inhibiting the formation of or disrupting a bacterial biofilm on an article comprising contacting the article with a peptide according to claim 47, in an amount effective to kill bacteria in the biofilm.
 64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the article is a countertop, keyboard, surgical instrument, or medical device. 